Olive
Kullu, Shimla, Solan and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. It is extensively used for extraction of oil from its fruits. Its oil is edible, possessing valuable therapeutic character. About 92% of its produce is used for oil extraction. The main producers of olive oil are Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Algiers, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and adjoining gulf countries. In India, olOlive (Olea europaea) is found growing wild in the Himalayan region comprising ive cultivation has been undertaken on a limited scale in north Sub-Himalayan region comprising Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
Climate and Soil
Normally olive is grown in warm, temperate to subtropical climate. It can be grown up to 800–1,400m above mean sea-level. Temperature is most important factor influencing its cultivation. Olive cultivars require 7°–35°C, however 15°–20°C is ideal. Occurrence of prolonged hot and dry summers coupled with acute water stress cause post-anthesis flower and fruit drop. Adequate chilling at 7°–20°C during winter is essential to break rest period and to promote fruitfulness. Olive tress are not irrigated but they require 950mm water during their entire growing season. A well-distributed rainfall is conducive for growth of trees. Lack of adequate soil moisture due to prolonged drought during summers causes fruit drop. Inadequate or delay in rain during winter season delays emergence of new flush, causing a substantial reduction in flower-bud differentiation. Occurrence of autumn frost is more harmful, since it affects fruit maturation and oil accumulation.
Occurring of hailstorms at pre-bloom, bloom and post-bloom period causes higher abscission of flowers and young fruits. At blooming stage hailstorms render trees completely devoid of fruits, inducing alternate or irregular bearing in its trees.
Although olive grows well in a wide variety of soils, it requires deep, fertile and well-drained soil for optimum growth and productivity. Loam and silt clay loam soils are well-suited for its cultivation. Poor or calcareous soils are not suited for its cultivation. Soils 4–6 feet deep are well-suited. The soil should be well-drained to permit good aeration and extensive root development. The sub-soil is, therefore, more important than upper layer of soil in ensuring better growth and productivity of its trees. On the contrary, olive trees do not tolerate wet soils for a prolonged period, since it results in eventual death of its roots. Soil pH of 6.5–7.5 is ideal. However a pH exceeding 8.5 adversely affects its growth and productivity. Its trees can tolerate a fairly high amount of Ca and B.
Varieties
Its varieties can be divided into 2 categories. They are: oil type (Carolea, Coratina, Pendolino, Frontoio, Canino, Ascolanaterena and Aglandeau) and pickle type (Ascolano, Mission, Grosseune, Picholine, Cornicobra and Coratina).
Kullu, Shimla, Solan and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. It is extensively used for extraction of oil from its fruits. Its oil is edible, possessing valuable therapeutic character. About 92% of its produce is used for oil extraction. The main producers of olive oil are Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Algiers, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and adjoining gulf countries. In India, olOlive (Olea europaea) is found growing wild in the Himalayan region comprising ive cultivation has been undertaken on a limited scale in north Sub-Himalayan region comprising Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
Climate and Soil
Normally olive is grown in warm, temperate to subtropical climate. It can be grown up to 800–1,400m above mean sea-level. Temperature is most important factor influencing its cultivation. Olive cultivars require 7°–35°C, however 15°–20°C is ideal. Occurrence of prolonged hot and dry summers coupled with acute water stress cause post-anthesis flower and fruit drop. Adequate chilling at 7°–20°C during winter is essential to break rest period and to promote fruitfulness. Olive tress are not irrigated but they require 950mm water during their entire growing season. A well-distributed rainfall is conducive for growth of trees. Lack of adequate soil moisture due to prolonged drought during summers causes fruit drop. Inadequate or delay in rain during winter season delays emergence of new flush, causing a substantial reduction in flower-bud differentiation. Occurrence of autumn frost is more harmful, since it affects fruit maturation and oil accumulation.
Occurring of hailstorms at pre-bloom, bloom and post-bloom period causes higher abscission of flowers and young fruits. At blooming stage hailstorms render trees completely devoid of fruits, inducing alternate or irregular bearing in its trees.
Although olive grows well in a wide variety of soils, it requires deep, fertile and well-drained soil for optimum growth and productivity. Loam and silt clay loam soils are well-suited for its cultivation. Poor or calcareous soils are not suited for its cultivation. Soils 4–6 feet deep are well-suited. The soil should be well-drained to permit good aeration and extensive root development. The sub-soil is, therefore, more important than upper layer of soil in ensuring better growth and productivity of its trees. On the contrary, olive trees do not tolerate wet soils for a prolonged period, since it results in eventual death of its roots. Soil pH of 6.5–7.5 is ideal. However a pH exceeding 8.5 adversely affects its growth and productivity. Its trees can tolerate a fairly high amount of Ca and B.
Varieties
Its varieties can be divided into 2 categories. They are: oil type (Carolea, Coratina, Pendolino, Frontoio, Canino, Ascolanaterena and Aglandeau) and pickle type (Ascolano, Mission, Grosseune, Picholine, Cornicobra and Coratina).
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