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Ber 
Ber or Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) is indigenous to India. The fruits are rich in vitamin C, A and B complex. The composition varies in different varieties. Its leaves contain 5.6% digestible crude protein and 49.7% total digestible nutrients, making it a nutritive fodder for animals. Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are major ber-growing states. Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, Panipat, Mohindergarh and Gurgaon (Haryana), Bharatpur, Jaipur and Jodhpur districts (Rajasthan), Sangrur and Patiala districts (Punjab), Banaskantha and Sabarmati (Gujarat), Bijapur and Bellary (Karnataka), and Tirunelveli, Ramanathapuram, Dharmapuri and Salem (Tamil Nadu) are ber-growing areas in India.
Climate and Soil
Ber grows under varying conditions of climate all over India even at elevations up to 1,000m above mean sea-level. It can withstand extremely hot conditions but is susceptible to frost. The trees shed leaves and enter into dormancy during summer. Under moderate climate of south India, however, the trees continue to grow throughout the year. It is extremely drought hardy owing to its deep root system and other xerophytic characters. The tree prefers atmospheric dryness for development of good quality fruits. High atmospheric humidity is distinctly disadvantageous.
Ber is not particularly exacting in its soil requirement. It can grow on a wide variety of soils—sandy, clayey, saline and alkali soils. Once established, it can withstand even 21mm hos/cm salinity in soil.

Varieties
More than 300 varieties have been listed but only a few are commercially important. They are Umran, Banarasi Kadaka, Mundia, Seb, Gola and Kaithali. Popular varieties common in different states of India are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Cultivars of ber for different regions of India
State Early Mid-season Late
Haryana Gola, Selected Safeda, Sandhura Narnaul, Seo, Chonchal Kaithali, Sanaur 5,Mundia Murhara, Banarsi Kadaka Umran
Maharashtra Shamber, Gola, Kaithali Meharun, Umran
Punjab Nazuk, Noki, Seo,Rohataki Gola,Selected Safeda,Sandhura Narnaul Banarsi, Dandan, Kaithali, Sanaur 2,Walaiti, Thornless Umran,Illaichi,Pathani,ZG2, ZG3
Rajasthan Gola, Seb, Seo Jogia, Mundia, Tikadi Katha, Maharwali, Bagwadi
Uttar Pradesh Narma Varanasi, Delhi Gola, Banarsi Gola Banarsi Kadaka,Mundia Murhara,Pewandi Jogia,Aliganj
Gujarat Gola Meharun, Kaithali Ajmeri,Chameli,Randeri
Tamil Nadu Gola, Kaithali Banarsi, Umran
Andhra Pradesh Gola, Kaithali Umran

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