HortiWorld

Botanical name: Brassica caularapa - Knol – khol Importance: This cultivated for knob (swollen portion above the ground).Leaves are also used for cooking.In India it is cultivated in Kashmir. Its cultivation is limited in other states. Late varieties are used as animal fodder. Late varieties: Some of the best varieties are wiser snscor, wiser tribe, king of north White Vienna: is an early varieties with a duration of 60 – 80 days heads are slightly oblong and light green in colour. Purple Vienna: little brittle enough 80 – 90 mature. Heads slightly purple and medium size. King of north: plant height only 20 – 30 cm.Knobs are flatish round and dark green in colour, cops comes to maturity 60 -75 days. Soil: It is a hardy vegetable can be grown variety of soil, however well trained red loamy soil is best suited for its cultivation. pH vary 5.8 to 6.8. Climate: Temperature range is 10 – 20 0 C is ideal. Continuous hot weather is detrimental which induce knob development.

Physiological disorders in cauliflower: 1. Buttoning : This disorder is characterized by development of small curd. Buttoning may be due to overaged seedlings, poor nitrogen supply, planting wrong cultivar, i.e., early cultivar planted late and also due to root injury by insects or by some disease. Generally, if there is any check in the vegetative growth of the seedlings, buttoning may be induced. 2. Riceyness : Premature initiation of floral buds is characterized by riceyness in cauliflower and is considered to be of poor quality for marketing. Such disorder may result from any temperature higher or lower than the optimum required for a particular cultivar. 3. Browning : This is caused by boron deficiency. It appears as a small water soaked areas in the centre of the curd. Later, the stem becomes hollow with soaked tissue surrounding the walls of the cavity. In more advanced stage, pinkish or rusty brown areas develop on the surface of the curd and hence, it is also

Cole crops-Cabbage-introduction - importance The word cole was originated from the word Caules means stem.They are originated single wild species wild cliff cabbage known as “Cole worts” Brassica oleracea var silvestris. They belongs to family Cruciferae and genus Brassica. Among the cole crops only cabbage and cauliflower are grown in India and khol rabi is grown in foreign countries. The vegetable under cole crops grown all over the world is cauliflower. In India cabbage, cauliflower grown states are U. P., Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab and Haryana. Cole crops occupied in large area in winter with India. They are rich sources of vitamin C. cabbage juice is used as a remedy against poisonous monsoon. Some extract of these cole crops are used to cover wounds and ulcers. They are eaten raw as well as cooked. They have protective property against bowel cancer. All brassica species contain glucosinolates, which is crushed leaves is broken down by t

Botanical name: Cucumis melo – Musk melon Family : Cucurbitaceae Chromosome no 2n = 22 Origin: China 40 Arka rajahans: selection from local collection of Rajasthan. It has fruit weighing up to 1 kg fine net. Fruits are white and sweet variety resistant powdery mildew. Yield is 280 Q per ha. Har madhu: selection from UP. Released by PAU, Ludhiana. Leaves are sparsely lobed. Fruits pale yellow at maturity. Pusa madhuras: it is released by IARI, Delhi. Pusa ras raj: released by IARI, Delhi. Pusa sharbati: released by IARI, Delhi. Climate: It requires hot and dry climate. Optimum temperature 27 to 30 0 C. short days promote female flowers. High temperature, low humidity, plenty of sun shine are essential for proper ripening, high sugar content. Plants are sensitive to low temperature and frost. Soil: it requires sandy soils. Loamy soils are good. Preferable pH 6 to 6.8. soil should be rich in organic manure, proper drainage facility. Sowing time: In plains of North

 Melons-water melon  - importance –varietiesclimate and soil-seeds and sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield Importance: Water melon contains 95% of water and is a richest iron containing cucurbitaceous crop. Most of cultivars have deep pink or pale pink coloured flesh which largely out lycopene and anthocyanin pigments.It is relished by poor and rich, young and old as a table fruit. Varieties: Arka jyothi: F1 hybrid by crossing IIHR – 20 with crimpson sweet. Fruit is dark green in colour with blue angular stirpes. Arka manik: F1 hybrid IIHR – 21 and crimpson sweet. Fruits are green with dark green stripes. Asahi yamato: Japanese introduction released by IARI, New Delhi. Rind colour is light green and non-striped variety. It gives 22 tonnes yield in 95 days. Pusa bedana: released by IARI, New Delhi. It is a cross between tetra – 2 ( 4x) x Pusa rasard ( 2x). fruits are dark green with faint stripes. It takes 120 days for first harvest.

 Gourds-snake gourd,  - importance –varieties-climate and soil-seeds and sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield Importance: Young tender fruits used as vegetable. Fruit is rich in vitamin A. Crop is highly cross pollinated due to its monoecious nature. Flowers are unisexual. Female flowers are solitary. Ratio of male and female ranges from 31 : 1 to 22 : 1 Varieties: The cultivate dvarieties are two types 1. Light green – with white stripes 2. Dark green – with palegreen stripes Climate: Snake gourd can be grown in tropical and sub tropical climates. High humidity is favourable for growth. Snake gourd may not be successfully grown above 1500 m altitude. Soil: It can be grown on wide range of soils. However soil which is well drained. Rich in organic manure is suitable for snake gourd. Time of sowing: It can be sown in April to July and also October to November. Seeds are sown n hills near edge of raised beds or flat beds at 1.5 to 2

Gourds-ridge gourd and bottle gourd - importance –varietiesclimate and soil-seeds and sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield The word Luff/ Loofah is of Arabic origin. Importance andnutritive value: Compared to ridge gourd, sponge gourd rich in carotene and fibre.Ridge gourd contain high amount of minerals.Both of them have delightous compound called as Luffein. Botany: Fruits are club shaped and 10 ribbed. Fruits of ridge gourd are ribbed where as the fruits of sponge gourd are smooth. Varieties: Sponge gourd: 1. Kalyanpur chikni: developed from VRC, Kalyan pur. Average yield is 35 to 40 t/ha. 2. Pusa chikni: selection from Bihar collection. Released by IARI, New Delhi. 3. Pusa sneha: released from IARI, New Delhi. Fruits are suitable for long distance transportation. Crop is ready for 40 to 65 days. 4. Pusa supriya: fruits become ready for picking in about 45 to 60 days. Ridge gourd: 1. Arka swathi: cross between medium fruits at

Cucumber is a native of India C. sativus is originated in North India. C. hardwicki occurs as wild species. Importance: It is rich in vitamin B and C. Cucumber is known by presence of bitter principle called as cucurbitacins, which are chemically tetra cyclic triterpenes.When a bitter pollen fertilizer non-bitter ovules the resulting fruit is found to bitter. This phenomenon is called metaxenia. Varieties and hybrids: Japanese long green: released from IARI. It is an extra early maturing variety. It matures with in 45 days after sowing. KTCH – 8: poinsettia x LC – 3. it is an early maturing hybrid – released by IARI regional station, katrain. KTCH – 11: it is a gynoecious line, developed at IARI, matures in about 55 days. Pusa samyog: it is a hybrid between Japanese gynoecious line x green long naples released by IARI. Straight – 8: released by IARI regional station, kutrain fruit is light green in colour. Poinsettia: originally developed in US multiplied by national

Cucurbits-introduction-flowering-sex expression-and modification Cucurbits are the lorgest group of summer vegetables crops belonging to the family cucurbitaceae. Most of the cucurbits are monocious in nature except coccinia and pointed gourd (Parval) which are diocious. A number of hermaphrodite and andromonocious cultivars are also available in some crops (melons). Fruit is Pepo botanically. All are susceptible to frost. The cultural requirements of all crops in this group are more or less similar. List of cucrbitaceous vegetables: S.No Crop Botanical Name 1 Cucumber Cucumis sativus 2 Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata 3 Summer squash Cucurbita pepo 4 Bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria 5 Bitter gourd Momordica charantia 6 Ridge gourd Luffa acutangula 7 Sponge gourd Luffa cylindrica 8 Ash (wax) gourd Benincasa hispida 9 Snake gourd Trichosanthes anguina 10 Pointed gourd Trichosanthes dioca 11 Round (squash melon) Citrullus lanatus 12 Musk melon Cucumis melo 13 Snap melon

 Okra - importance –varieties-climate and soil-seeds and sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield Importance and nutritive value: Bendi is rich in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus etc, and vitamin A, B, C. Bendi is good for people suffering from renal colic, lecorrhoea and general weakness. Bendi has high iodine content and it has ability to control goiter. Bendi leaves are used in turkey to reduce inflammation. Bendi can be fried in butter or ghee. It can be put as a sole vegetable. The roots and stem are used for clarifying cane juice and in the manufacture of gur or brown sugar. The plants are soaked in water and resulting solution is used as clarifier in jaggery manufacture. Mature fruits and stems contain fruit fibre and used in paper industry. Ripe seeds are roasted, ground, used as substitute for coffee. Botany: The genus Abelmoschus is distinct from Hibiscus in having deciduous type of calyx where as are persistent in the genus Hibi

Bell pepper Varieties: Arka basant: released from IIHR, Bangalore. It was improved from the variety Soroksari, suitable for both kharif and rabi. Arka gourav: pureline selection from golden caliwonder released from IIHR, Bangalore. Fruits are 3 to 4 lobed. Good for kharif and rabi. Arka mohini: selection from variety known as Taitan. Fruits are 3 to 4 lobed becomes red on ripening. Suitable for both kharif and rabi season. California wonder: an introduction from US. Fruits are 3 to 4 lobed. Yolo wonder: plant is dwarf and as medium flesh thickness. Pusa deepthi: released from Katrain. Suitable for both kharif and rabi. Climate: Chilli is grown in both tropical and sub-tropical areas. It can grow up to 2000 msl altitude. For vegetative growth it requires warm humid climate. For fruit maturity it requires warm dry weather. It requires a well distributed annual rainfall of about 800 – 1200 mm. Heavy rainfall leads to poor fruit set and high humidity leads to fruit rot. The

 Chilli - importance –varieties-climate and soil-seeds and sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield Chilli is also called as pepper. Importance and nutritive value: Green chillies are rich in proteins 2.9 g per 100 g. Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu and S. vitamins like Thiamine, Riboflavin and Vitamin C. Chillies are the major ingredients in curry powder. In powdered from it is mixed in red or cayenne pepper. Chilli pulp is pickled in strong vinegar or brine. Extracts of chillies are used in the production of Ginger beer and other beverages. Cayenne pepper is incorporated in poultry feeds, green chillies are rich in Rutin which has pharmaceutical use. Pungency of chillies is due to capsaicin. The pigment (colour) in chillies is due to capsanthin also contains many other oleoresins. Botany and floral biology: Genus capsicum 20 wild species have been reported at only few are cultivated. 1. Capsicum annum (sweet pepper and chilli): it has blue anthers, m

Botanical name: Solanum melongena Family: Solanaceae Chromosome no 2n = 24 Origin: Indo-Burma region. Common name: egg plant  Brinjal- importance –varieties-climate and soil-seeds and sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield It is a non-tuberiferous species of solanum. In India it might have spread to African and European countries. It is main vegetable in plains areas of India and almost available throughout the year. 8% of total area under vegetables in the country is occupied by brinjal. Solanum auriculatum is immune to little leaf. Importance and Nutritive value : Brinjal is a stable vegetable high in nutritive value. It is rich in minerals is Ca, Mg, P, K and Fe. It is also a good source of Vitamin A and C. Bitterness in Brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids.Glycoalkaloids content vary from 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. Purple variety has higher copper content and polyphenol oxidase activity where as iron and catal

Physiological disorders in Tomato: 1. Blossom end rot: it is more serious, ground discoloration starts. In blossom end of the fruit. Black spot develops to encompass ½ to 2/3 rd portion of the fruit. Later the tissues shrink and skin becomes dark grey to black. It may lead to secondary infection by fungus and unfit for consumption. Causes: use of Ammonium sulphate, imbalance of Mg & K; deficiency of calcium Remedies: cultural practices that concern soil moisture and maintain uniform moisture supply. Transplanting in early April instead of early June. Foliar spray of 0.5% CaCl2. Apply Nitrogen in the form of Urea. 2. Fruit cracking: occurs for middle of the May. Reduced transpiration has increased cell turgidity and contributed to tomato fruit cracking. Reduced transpiration occurs even in summer when fruit are grown in green house. Cracking also occurs in rainy season when rains fall in long dry spell. Presence of water on the surface of fruit is more conducive in

Botanical name: Licopersicon esculentum Family: Solanaceae Chromosome no 2n = 24 Origin: Peru, Ecuador – Bolivi : Tomato – origin – species- importance – growth habits of tomato – varieties – climate and soil The word tomato issaid to have derived from Zitomate or Xitotamate used to denote “plants for food”. Origin and distribution: Cultivated tomato originated from Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia. Domesticated place of tomato lies in Mexico. The ancestor of cultivated tomato is cherry type (Licopersicon esculenta var cerasiformae - cherry tomato).From Mexico is distributed to Spain, Europe, Britain, France etc. Species: Tomato belongs to the family solanaceae. The genus Lycopersicon differs from Solanum by the absence of spines and anther tips are narrow and exhibit longitudinal divisions. The genus Lycopersicon was divided into two sub genera. 1. Eu lycopersicon. 2. Erio persicon. Eu lycopersicon is characterized by red fruited edible species with carotinoid pigmentation

  Classification of vegetables based on botany, plant part used as vegetables, seasons of growing and methods of culture I. Botanical classicfication: All vegetable belongs to Divison Angiospermae. The Angiospermae has 2 classes mono and dicotyledone.They are further divided in to families, genus, species, subspecies and botanical varieties.The grouping of vegetables therefore is as follows A. Monocotyledonae: 1. Amaryllidaceae – Onion, Garlic, Leak, Shallot, Chive. 2. Liliaceae – Asparagus 3. Araceae – Colocasia esculenta 4. Diascoreaceae – Yam B. Dicotyledonous plants (vegetables): 1. Chenopodiaceae – Palak, Beetroot, Spinach 2. Compositae – Lettuce, chikori 3. Convolvulaceae – Sweet potato. 4. Brassicaceae – Cabbage, Cauliflower 5. Crusiferae – Brussels, Cole rabi or knol-khol, radish, mustard. 6. Cucurbitaceae – All cucurbitaceous vegetables 7. Euphorbiaceae: Tapioca (Manihot esculenta) 8. Leguminosae : Pea (Pisum sativum) French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Lim

Types of vegetable gardens: Vegetable gardens can be classified into 7 different types according to the purpose for which they have been developed. These are home-gardens or kitchen-gardens, market-gardens, truck-gardens, gardens for processing, gardens for vegetable-forcing, gardens for seed production and Floating vegetable garden. 1. Home or Kitchen garden: is a vegetable garden where vegetable crops are grown in the backyard of a house or any available space in the home compound to meet the daily requirement of the family.The layout of a homegarden will differ from individual to individual. However, broadly, a city homegardener will follow a very intensive method of vegetable-growing compared with that followed by a home-gardener in a village. Advantages of kitchen garden: 1. It is best means of recreation and exercise 2. An excellent hobby and healthy occupation for young and old during their leasure time 3. Cut down the expenditure on purchase of vegetables 4. A

Importance of vegetables in National economy: 1. Annually we produce about 129 million tonnes of vegetables from an area of 7.98 million ha, contributing 13.4 percentage to the world’s production. (2009 NHB Data) 2. Vegetables crops have high export potential and vegetables worth of Rs 4431 crores are being exported annually both in fresh form or processed form. APEDA is the nodal organization involved in regulation of export and import of various food products. 3. Traditional vegetables like onion, potato, bhendi, bitter gourd and chillies and non traditional vegetables like asparagus, celery, paprika, sweet corn, baby corn, beans, peas and cherry tomato have been short listed by APEDA for export. Among the different vegetables, 77% of the onion produced is being exported, thus earning valuable foreign exchange to the country. onion and traditional vegetables are being imported by gulf countries, Singapore, Malaysia, Srilanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. Non traditional vege

Olericulture is one of the branches of Horticulture that deals with the vegetables. The word olericulture is derived from the Latin word Oleris which means pot herb and the English word culture which means cultivation. Thus olericulture means cultivation of pot herbs. However, in the present days, it is bradly used to indicate the cultivation of vegetables. The term vegetable gardening is more popular to signify olericulture in the present context. Vegetable: The term vegetable is applied to the edible herbaceous plant or plant parts thereof, which are consumed generally in the unripe stage after cooking. Importance of vegetables in human nutrition: The balanced diet contain adequate energy source, nutrients and vitamins, mineras, carbohydrates, fats, protein etc. Vegetable are the reliable source for many dietary factors. As vegetable contain many of the dietary factors like vitamins, minerals and amino acids they are considered as protective supplementary food. They

CITRUS PRUNING: Pruning techniques for tree health, pest control, fruit production and size control: Tree Shapes • Citrus trees are generally pruned to a central leader or a modified central leader shape. • A full canopy of leaves should be maintained in order to protect the bark of the trunk and scaffold branches from direct sun and potential sunburn. • Trees can have branches close to the ground (have a full skirt) or can have the lower branches pruned off to expose the trunk. • When the lower branches have been removed, the tree is said to be skirted • Multiple trees are sometimes planted together in one hole to produce what appears to be a single tree with multiple trunks. • Although each individual tree will produce less fruit, multiple plantings will result in a greater variety of fruit or in an extended period of fruit harvest in the space of a single tree. • The tree trunks are planted close together and are angled outward at a 30 degree angle from ve

  IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST HANDLING OF FLOWERS:   • The quality of flowers, which reaches the final consumer, depends on the pre-harvest and post-harvest handling. •   Quality is the pillar for creating value and customer satisfaction • The flowers are highly perishable need utmost care.  • When flowers are detached from the plant, they deprived of food, water, minerals and hormones.  • It is estimated that about 30% of flowers perish during handling.  • Therefore it is important to study post-harvest handling of flowers to keep flowers in good quality.   INHERENT FACTORS INFLUENCING POST-HARVEST LIFE: • Keeping quality of flowers vary from species and cultivars, this may be due to genetic or inherent factors like differences in anatomical, physiological, physical, biochemical and genetic make up. • Keeping quality of flowers also depends on, – Carbohydrate reserves, – Osmotic concentration, – Pressure potential of petal cells, – Stomatal funct