Botanical name: Solanum melongena
Family: Solanaceae
Chromosome no 2n = 24
Origin: Indo-Burma region.
Common name: egg plant
Brinjal- importance –varieties-climate and soil-seeds and
sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield
It is a non-tuberiferous species of solanum. In India it might have
spread to African and European countries. It is main vegetable in plains areas
of India and almost available throughout the year. 8% of total area under
vegetables in the country is occupied by brinjal. Solanum auriculatum is
immune to little leaf.
Importance and Nutritive value :
Brinjal is a stable vegetable high in nutritive value. It is rich in minerals
is Ca, Mg, P, K and Fe. It is also a good source of Vitamin A and C. Bitterness
in Brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids.Glycoalkaloids content vary
from 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. Purple variety has higher copper
content and polyphenol oxidase activity where as iron and catalase activity is
the highest in the green cultivars. Amino acid content is higher in purple
variety.
Uses:
Used as cooked vegetables. Used in pickle making, dehydration in
dustry. Frut is employed as a cure for toothache. Excellent remedythose
suffering from liver complaints. Green leaves of brinjal plant are good
appetizers, aphrodisiac and cardiotonic. It also beneficial in vaata and kapha.
In unani system roots are used to alleviate pain.
Growth habit:
1.Based on growth habit brinjal can be classified as below:
i) Solanum melongena var esculentum; fruit is long, round and oval.
ii) Solanum melongena var serpentine known as snake brinjal. Fruit is extra
ordinarily long. Leaves are prickly.
iii) Solanum melongena var depressum: plant is extensively short and
dwarf.
2. Classification on the basis of fruit shape:
i) Pusa purple long (PPL): long brinjal
ii) round brinjal – pusa purple round
iii) oval brinjal – pusa kranti.
3. Classification on the basis of fruit colour:
Purple brinjal: they have no anthocyanins. Eg: PPL.
Green brinjal: more of chlorophyll. Eg: Arka kusumakar.
Botany:
Leaves are alternate, solitary, flowers are stalked, leaf
oppressed.Calyx is five lobed, corolla is gamopetalous, fruit is berry and
berries are variable in shape and colour.
17
Flowers in brinjal are of different styles.
a. long style b. medium style c. short style d. pseudo short style.
Brinjal is self pollinated.
Only long style and medium style flowers will set fruits. Entire plant surface
is covered by ‘hairy layer called ‘tomentum’
Long styled flowers: they have a big ovary, stigma is swollen, long anthers.
Medium styled flowers: it has medium, long style, anthers are of same
length, ovary is also medium sized.
Short styled flowers: they have rudimentary ovary.
Pseudo short styled flowers: ovary is rudimentary. Style should be shorter
than the anther. No swelling of anther is observed.
Varieties:
Brinjal varieties are grouped on the basis of colour and shape of fruit.
1. Long fruit varieties: ex. Pusa purple long: evolved as a selction from
mixed batia. Pusa purple cluster long: is an early maturing variety.
2. Long green varieties: arka kusumakar, arka shirish, Krishna nagar
green long.
3. Round purple: ex: Pusa purple round: is resistant to fruit borer and
little leaf of brinjal. Selection-6, suphala, arka navaneet, krihsnanagar
purple round, pant ritu raj, vijaya hybrid, shyamala.
4. Round green: banarasi gaint, round striped.
5. Roundish white: some varieties under this group have purplish tinge
with white stripes. Ex: Manjeri, Visali.
6. Oval or Oblong fruited varieties: Junagad oblong, Bhagyamati, H4.,
Pusa anmol (Pusa anmol is a hybrid variety between pusa purple
long and hyderpur).
7. Cluster fruited varieties: fruits born in cluster. Ex: pusa purple cluster,
arka kusumakar, Bhagyamathi (APAU variety).
8. Spiny varieties: H-4, Manjeri.
Hybrids:
S.No Hybrid Parentage
1 Pusa Anmol Pusa purple long X Hyderpur
2 Arka Navaneet IIHR22-1 X Supreme
Climate:
Brinjal is the warm season crop. It is susceptible to severe frost. It
requires a long warm season, before fruit maturity. Optimum temperature is
22 to 33 0 C. Late round varieties are more tolerant to frost than early long
varieties. Under very cool seasonal conditions, the ovaries are split leading to
the development of abnormal fruits.
Soil:
Brinjal can be grown on a wide range of soils. The ideal soils should be
a deep, fertile and well drained. The pH should be not more than 5.5 to 6 for
better growth and development. Light soils are good for a healthy crop but
heavy soils are suited for higher yields.
18
Time of sowing:
In plains crop is grown in three seasons, summer crop is sown during
February - March and rabi crop is October to November. In hills seed is sown
in April-May and the seedlins transplanted in May-June
Seed rate: seed rate varies from 375 to 500 g per hectare.
Nursery practices: nursery practices are almost similar to Tomato.
Transplanting:
Seedlings are of 8 to 10 cm height with 2 to 3 true leaves are ready for
transplanting. Seedlings should be hardened before lifting for transplanting.
The summer crop may be transplanted on ridges and furrow system for
effective use of water. Hardening of seedlings is achieved by withholding
water for 4 to 6 days before transplanting. Light irrigation should be given on
due day of nursery pulling. Seedlings are pulled without any injury to the root.
At the time of transplanting soil around the seedlings is pressed firmly.
Distance of transplanting depends on soil fertility, climatic conditions and
varieties. Long fruited varieties are transplanted at a spacing of 60 x 60 cm.
Round fruited varieties at 75 x 75 cm.
Manuring:
Brinjal occupies the land nearly 6 to 8 months, about 25 to 30 tons of
well decomposed FYM is incorporated in the soil before transplanting. NPK @
100, 80, 60 kg per ha is generally applied, ½ of nitrogen full quantities of P
and K is applied at the time of transplanting while the remaining quantity of
nitrogen may be applied either twice or thrice depending upon soil conditions
at 30 days, 45 days after transplanting.
Irrigation:
Brinjal is a shallow rooted crop it needs frequent irrigation. The crop is
irrigated at 3 to 4 day interval during summer season 12 to 15 days during
winter season. However during rainy spells irrigation is not needed. Brinjal is
generally irrigated by furrow system of irrigation. Drip irrigation is
recommended to improve water use efficiency and also to reduce weed
growth.
Inter culture:
Generally manual weeding is done to remove weeds. Shallow
cultivation is followed to put down the weed growth. Weeds can be controlled
by applying herbicides like fluchloralin @ 1.5 kg a.i. / ha.
Harvesting:
Fruits are harvested when they attain good size and when thesurface is
bright and glossy appearance. If the fruit is too immature we press the fruit the
pressed portion springs back.
Yield:
In case of open pollinated variety 200 to 500 Q per ha. Hybrids 300 to
700 Q
Family: Solanaceae
Chromosome no 2n = 24
Origin: Indo-Burma region.
Common name: egg plant
Brinjal- importance –varieties-climate and soil-seeds and
sowing-manuring- irrigation-intercultural operations-harvesting - yield
It is a non-tuberiferous species of solanum. In India it might have
spread to African and European countries. It is main vegetable in plains areas
of India and almost available throughout the year. 8% of total area under
vegetables in the country is occupied by brinjal. Solanum auriculatum is
immune to little leaf.
Importance and Nutritive value :
Brinjal is a stable vegetable high in nutritive value. It is rich in minerals
is Ca, Mg, P, K and Fe. It is also a good source of Vitamin A and C. Bitterness
in Brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids.Glycoalkaloids content vary
from 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. Purple variety has higher copper
content and polyphenol oxidase activity where as iron and catalase activity is
the highest in the green cultivars. Amino acid content is higher in purple
variety.
Uses:
Used as cooked vegetables. Used in pickle making, dehydration in
dustry. Frut is employed as a cure for toothache. Excellent remedythose
suffering from liver complaints. Green leaves of brinjal plant are good
appetizers, aphrodisiac and cardiotonic. It also beneficial in vaata and kapha.
In unani system roots are used to alleviate pain.
Growth habit:
1.Based on growth habit brinjal can be classified as below:
i) Solanum melongena var esculentum; fruit is long, round and oval.
ii) Solanum melongena var serpentine known as snake brinjal. Fruit is extra
ordinarily long. Leaves are prickly.
iii) Solanum melongena var depressum: plant is extensively short and
dwarf.
2. Classification on the basis of fruit shape:
i) Pusa purple long (PPL): long brinjal
ii) round brinjal – pusa purple round
iii) oval brinjal – pusa kranti.
3. Classification on the basis of fruit colour:
Purple brinjal: they have no anthocyanins. Eg: PPL.
Green brinjal: more of chlorophyll. Eg: Arka kusumakar.
Botany:
Leaves are alternate, solitary, flowers are stalked, leaf
oppressed.Calyx is five lobed, corolla is gamopetalous, fruit is berry and
berries are variable in shape and colour.
17
Flowers in brinjal are of different styles.
a. long style b. medium style c. short style d. pseudo short style.
Brinjal is self pollinated.
Only long style and medium style flowers will set fruits. Entire plant surface
is covered by ‘hairy layer called ‘tomentum’
Long styled flowers: they have a big ovary, stigma is swollen, long anthers.
Medium styled flowers: it has medium, long style, anthers are of same
length, ovary is also medium sized.
Short styled flowers: they have rudimentary ovary.
Pseudo short styled flowers: ovary is rudimentary. Style should be shorter
than the anther. No swelling of anther is observed.
Varieties:
Brinjal varieties are grouped on the basis of colour and shape of fruit.
1. Long fruit varieties: ex. Pusa purple long: evolved as a selction from
mixed batia. Pusa purple cluster long: is an early maturing variety.
2. Long green varieties: arka kusumakar, arka shirish, Krishna nagar
green long.
3. Round purple: ex: Pusa purple round: is resistant to fruit borer and
little leaf of brinjal. Selection-6, suphala, arka navaneet, krihsnanagar
purple round, pant ritu raj, vijaya hybrid, shyamala.
4. Round green: banarasi gaint, round striped.
5. Roundish white: some varieties under this group have purplish tinge
with white stripes. Ex: Manjeri, Visali.
6. Oval or Oblong fruited varieties: Junagad oblong, Bhagyamati, H4.,
Pusa anmol (Pusa anmol is a hybrid variety between pusa purple
long and hyderpur).
7. Cluster fruited varieties: fruits born in cluster. Ex: pusa purple cluster,
arka kusumakar, Bhagyamathi (APAU variety).
8. Spiny varieties: H-4, Manjeri.
Hybrids:
S.No Hybrid Parentage
1 Pusa Anmol Pusa purple long X Hyderpur
2 Arka Navaneet IIHR22-1 X Supreme
Climate:
Brinjal is the warm season crop. It is susceptible to severe frost. It
requires a long warm season, before fruit maturity. Optimum temperature is
22 to 33 0 C. Late round varieties are more tolerant to frost than early long
varieties. Under very cool seasonal conditions, the ovaries are split leading to
the development of abnormal fruits.
Soil:
Brinjal can be grown on a wide range of soils. The ideal soils should be
a deep, fertile and well drained. The pH should be not more than 5.5 to 6 for
better growth and development. Light soils are good for a healthy crop but
heavy soils are suited for higher yields.
18
Time of sowing:
In plains crop is grown in three seasons, summer crop is sown during
February - March and rabi crop is October to November. In hills seed is sown
in April-May and the seedlins transplanted in May-June
Seed rate: seed rate varies from 375 to 500 g per hectare.
Nursery practices: nursery practices are almost similar to Tomato.
Transplanting:
Seedlings are of 8 to 10 cm height with 2 to 3 true leaves are ready for
transplanting. Seedlings should be hardened before lifting for transplanting.
The summer crop may be transplanted on ridges and furrow system for
effective use of water. Hardening of seedlings is achieved by withholding
water for 4 to 6 days before transplanting. Light irrigation should be given on
due day of nursery pulling. Seedlings are pulled without any injury to the root.
At the time of transplanting soil around the seedlings is pressed firmly.
Distance of transplanting depends on soil fertility, climatic conditions and
varieties. Long fruited varieties are transplanted at a spacing of 60 x 60 cm.
Round fruited varieties at 75 x 75 cm.
Manuring:
Brinjal occupies the land nearly 6 to 8 months, about 25 to 30 tons of
well decomposed FYM is incorporated in the soil before transplanting. NPK @
100, 80, 60 kg per ha is generally applied, ½ of nitrogen full quantities of P
and K is applied at the time of transplanting while the remaining quantity of
nitrogen may be applied either twice or thrice depending upon soil conditions
at 30 days, 45 days after transplanting.
Irrigation:
Brinjal is a shallow rooted crop it needs frequent irrigation. The crop is
irrigated at 3 to 4 day interval during summer season 12 to 15 days during
winter season. However during rainy spells irrigation is not needed. Brinjal is
generally irrigated by furrow system of irrigation. Drip irrigation is
recommended to improve water use efficiency and also to reduce weed
growth.
Inter culture:
Generally manual weeding is done to remove weeds. Shallow
cultivation is followed to put down the weed growth. Weeds can be controlled
by applying herbicides like fluchloralin @ 1.5 kg a.i. / ha.
Harvesting:
Fruits are harvested when they attain good size and when thesurface is
bright and glossy appearance. If the fruit is too immature we press the fruit the
pressed portion springs back.
Yield:
In case of open pollinated variety 200 to 500 Q per ha. Hybrids 300 to
700 Q
Healthy product. We grain oil using ghani(Traditional method) which was so called as".cold pressed oil online" at minimum temperature so the nature of oil is retained.The lauric acid in coconut oil mill in chennai is able to penetrate the hair shaft, nourishing the hair with vitamins, minerals and the medium-chain fatty acids.gramiyum cold pressed oil is my favorite,” says Sara Haas, RD, LDN, a chef in Chicago and spokeswoman for the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. ...
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